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Encyclopaedia Judaica

Jews in Luebeck

Jews since 17th century - Moisling settlement - Napoleon - emancipation of 1848 - emigration wave 1933-1941 - deportation to Riga - emigration wave 1945-1953

from: Luebeck; In: Encyclopaedia Judaica (1971), vol. 11

presented by Michael Palomino (2008)

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<LUEBECK, Baltic port in W. Germany.

[No Jews allowed until 17th century - Moisling settlement - Jewish rights with Napoleon]

An imperial city and capital of the Hanseatic League, Luebeck did not permit Jews to reside within its gates, although in the 17th century Jewish peddlers were common and their presence highly resented. In 1680 the city, in need of competent money changers, permitted two *Schutzjuden [[protected Jews]] to live there; (col. 555)

in 1701 their number was restricted to one. Jewish peddlers, dealers in old clothes and secondhand goods, settled in the nearby village of Moisling, and in 1697 received permission to establish a recognized Jewish community. The attempts of the Luebeck authorities to restrict their activities met with little success.

From 12 families in 1709 the settlement in Moisling had grown to 70 by the end of the century. In 1724 a rabbi was engaged and a cemetery opened; the community was under the jurisdiction of the *Altona rabbinate [[in Hamburg]].

Although Moisling was annexed to Luebeck in 1806 the commercial and civil restrictions were not abolished until 1810, by the French occupation forces. A synagogue was dedicated in Luebeck itself in 1812. The downfall of Napoleon and the retreat of the French army threatened the Jews' newly acquired rights.

C.A. *Buchholz, a Luebeck lawyer, attempted to defend them at the Congress of Vienna (1815) but in vain. After a protracted legal battle, in 1824 they were forced to leave the city proper, returning to Moisling, where they built a new synagogue (1827) and opened a school (1837).

[Emancipation since 1948 revolution]

Emancipation granted during the 1848 Revolution gave the Jews the right to settle in Luebeck, where a synagogue was opened in 1850; a new one was consecrated in 1880. The last five rabbis who served in Luebeck and Moisling were: Ephraim Fischel Joel (1825-51), his son-in-law Alexander Adler (1850-69), his son-in-law Solomon Carlebach (1870-1919), who wrote a history of the Jewish community, succeeded by his son Joseph *Carlebach (1920-22), and David A. Winter (1922-38).

[Numbers and big emigration wave 1933-1941 - 85 Jews deported to Riga]

The Jewish population in the city rose from 522 in 1857 to 700 in 1913, but after the advent of the Nazis [[financed mainly from capitalists and tsarists and royalists from abroad]], declined to 250 in 1937. the last 85 Jews were deported to Riga in 1941-42.

[[So, there must have been a big emigration wave from 1933 to 1941 which is not mentioned by Zionist Encyclopaedia Judaica]].

[1945-1970 with another emigration wave]

After the war a new community was established, which numbered 250 in 1948; by 1952 only 30 remained.

[[Also from 1948 to 1952 can be admitted a big emigration wave, above all to racist Zionist anti-Muslim governed Israel, or some Jews also went into assimilation and left their religion]].

Bibliography

-- S. Carlebach: History of the Jews of Luebeck and Moisling (orig. German: Geschichte der Juden in Luebeck und Moisling) (1899)
-- E. Baasch, in: Three monthly for social and economic research (orig. German: Vierteljahresschrift fuer Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte), 6 (1922), 370-98
-- S. Goldmann, in: Jewish Historical Review (orig. German: Zeitschrift fuer die Geschichte der Juden), 6 (1969), 159-64
-- D.A. Winter: History of Jewish community in Moisling Luebeck (orig. German: Geschichte der juedischen Gemeinde in Moisling Luebeck) (1968)
-- A. Winter, in: Yearbook for the Jewish communities of Schleswig-Holstein and Hansa towns (orig. German: Jahrbuch fuer die juedischen Gemeinden Schleswig-Holsteins und die Hansestaedte), 4 (1932/33), 23-31; 6 (1934/35), 41-43; 7 (1935/36), 51-57; 8 (1936/37), 59-89; 9 (1937/38), 59-89;
-- Jeschurun, 11 (1865), 267-76, 307-13; 12 (1866), 11-18, 123-33.

[Y.RO.]>

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