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[Mossad] Encyclopaedia Judaica

Moses Fantasy Jews in Muhammad Fantasy Egypt 03: Muhammad Fantasy Mamluk rule 1260-1517

Heavy discrimination against non-Muslims in the course of the fight against the Jesus Fantasy Crusaders - monopolization of the spice trade - Cherkess-Muhammad Fantasy Mamluk dynasty

from: [Muhammad Fantasy] Egypt; In: [Mossad] Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971, vol. 6

presented by Michael Palomino (2008 / 2019)

3 fantasies - Moses is a fantasy - Jesus is a fantasy - Muhammad is a fantasy - but Mother Earth is REAL
Moses is a fantasy - nothing could be found of him. The proofs are in the book: The Bible unearthed - link. So, Jewry is a fantasy, and also the Jewish calendar is a fantasy. Also Jesus is a fantasy: nothing could be found, but it's a code fantasy with the numbers 3,12,13 and 33 - link. Therefore, Christiandom is a fantasy, and also the Christian calendar is a fantasy - and the Vatican is a criminal pedophile satanic drug money laundering bank mafia - link with videos - link with news. Also Muhammad is a fantasy: nothing could be found, and the name "Muhammad" was used only since 850, not in 600 - link. Therefore also the Muslim calendar is a fantasy. Peace and healings and instructions how to handle the planet are with Mother Earth - Mother Earth is REAL and everybody can learn it: http://www.med-etc.com - have a good day. - Michael Palomino, May 12, 2019

[Mossad] Encyclopaedia Judaica = Mossad - link with proofs (English)

<THE [[Muhammad Fantasy]] MAMLUKS.

[since 1260: restrictions against Jesus Fantasy Christians and Moses Fantasy Jews under the Muhammad Fantasy Mamluks]

In the middle of the 13th century [[after the fights against Jesus Fantasy Crusaders]] the *[[Muhammad Fantasy]] Mamluks came to power in [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egypt [[in 1260]]. The entire political regime was changed and a decisive change in the condition of the [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews also took place. These rulers were the leaders of the foreign [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Turkish soldiery of which the army was exclusively composed, and they tried to enhance their position and to curry favor with the Muslim native population by emphasizing their piety and by introducing a series of measures directed against the non-Muslim communities.

The first [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Mamluks declared total war against the [[Jesus Fantasy]] Crusaders. They found it necessary to encourage religious fervor in order to succeed in their efforts. Thus, the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Mamluk rule was accompanied by a series of decrees and persecutions against the [[Jesus Fantasy]] Christians and [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews, which continued until the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Mamluks were deposed by the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Ottomans.

The ancient discriminatory laws were brought back into prominence and new ones were also instituted. These activities were primarily directed against the [[Jesus Fantasy]] Copts, the most powerful non-Muslim community in the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Mamluk kingdom, but even so the [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews suffered considerably. On the other hand, [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewish communal organization in [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egypt was not abolished and its autonomy was mostly maintained.

The decrees against non-Muslims were introduced during the first generation of the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Mamluk rule. In 1290 Sultan Qalawun issued an order which prohibited the employment of [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews and [[Jesus Fantasy]] Christians in government and ministerial departments. This order was reissued during the reign of his son and successor, al-Malik al-Ashraf Khalil (1290-1293).

[1301: new restrictions against Jesus Fantasy Christians and Moses Fantasy Jews: turban rule - horse riding rule - house building rule - prayer houses closed]

In 1301 there was a large-scale persecution. The [[Jesus Fantasy]] Christians were compelled to cover their turbans with a blue cloth, the [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews with a yellow one, and the Samaritans with a red one. The authorities renewed the prohibition of riding horses and also forbade the building of houses higher than those of the Muslims. On this occasion the [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewish and [[Jesus Fantasy]] Christian houses of prayer in Cairo were closed down.

[[...]]

[1347: Monopolization of the spice trade by the Muhammad Fantasy Mamluks - Moses Fantasy Jewish part is going down]

At that time the economic situation of the [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews took a turn for the worse; under the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Mamluks the system of monopolies was consolidated. Private industry was generally ruined and the commerce of spices, the most important part of [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egypt's external trade, was taken over by the monopolized "Karimi" merchant company in which only a few members were [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews.

[[Supplement:
The Muhammad Fantasy Mamluks had cut off the merchant route through Little Armenia in 1347, so the spice trade was dominated by a cartel of merchants, the Karimi, who were able to put the price of spices up to about double the previous values. At the same time the Karimi had great political power, being bankers to the Muhammad Fantasy Mamluks, and they were appointed as sole buyers of European goods, so that they were able to bring those prices down.
(http://www-geology.ucdavis.edu/~cowen/~GEL115/115CH7.html (2008)]]

[[[...]]

[1354: new persecution of non-Muslims]

In 1354 there was an even graver persecution. The cause for it was against attributed by [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Arab historians to the haughtiness (col. 494)

of the [[Jesus Fantasy]] Christian officials. There were attacks on non-Muslims in the streets of Cairo and the government instituted a severe control over the habits of Muslim converts.

[Structure of the Moses Fantasy Jewish communities in Muhammad Fantasy Egypt]

During this period the [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewish population was led by negidim of Maimonides' family. Maimonides' grandson, R. *David b. Abraham, was nagid from 1238 to 1300. In various documents the negidim are referred to as heads of academies but the exact nature of the academy is in question.

During the second half of the 13th century, the literary activities of [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egyptian [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewry continued to flourish, as in the Fatimid and Ayyubid periods. *Tanhum ha-Yerushalmi, the well-known Bible commentator, and his son *Joseph, a competent Hebrew poet, lived in [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egypt at this time.

[since the end of 14th century: Cherkess-Mamluk dynasty with much arbitrary violence against non-Muslims]

At the end of the 14th century, a second dynasty of the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Mamluks, the Cherkess, came to power. The [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Mamluk rule then increased in violence and the anti-[[Moses Fantasy]] Jewish and anti-[[Jesus Fantasy]] Christian decrees grew in frequency. The oppression and extortions of the sultans were severer than in former times. There often were internal conflicts within this [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Mamluk faction, and as a result the soldiers, unrestrained, rioted in the streets and attacked their citizens. In order to appease the embittered people, the sultans issued a multitude of decrees against the non-Muslims.

While the first sultan of the Cherkess [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Mamluks, Barquq (1382-1399), as well as his son and successor Faraj (1399-1412), acted leniently toward the non-Muslims, the third sultan, al-Mu'ayyad Sheikh, oppressed the non-Muslims by various means. The discriminatory decrees were renewed, and there were searches for wine in the non-Muslim quarters.

During the reign of the Cherkess [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Mamluks the autonomous organization of the communities in [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egypt remained unharmed and as previously, they were led as before by the negidim. The last of Maimonides' descendants to act as nagid was R. *David b. Joshua. For reasons that are not known R. David was compelled to leave [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egypt in the 1370s. He was replaced by a man named *Amram. At the end of the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Mamluk period, [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egyptian [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewry was led by the negidim R. Nathan *Sholal and his relative R. Isaac *Sholal, who emigrated to Palestine after the conquest of [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egypt by the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Ottomans.

[Travel reports of 1481: Numbers of families]

The travelers *Meshullam of Volterra, who arrived in [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egypt in 1481, and R. Obadiah of *Bertinoro, who came there seven years later, provided information about the size of the communities in the descriptions of their travels. The numbers which are found in their writings emphasize the decrease in the [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewish population, which was concomitant with the general depopulation and was partly a result of the oppression under [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Mamluk rule. According to Meshullam there were 650 [[Moses Fantasy Jewish]] families, as well as 150 [[Jesus Fantasy]] Karaite and 50 [[Jesus Fantasy]] Samaritan families, in Cairo, 50 [[Moses Fantasy Jewish]] families in Alexandria, 50 [[Moses Fantasy Jewish families]] in Bilbeis, and 20 [[Moses Fantasy Jewish families]] in al-Khanqa.

Obadiah mentions 500 [[Moses Fantasy Jewish]] families in Cairo, besides 150 [[Jesus Fantasy]] Karaite and 50 [[Jesus Fantasy]] Samaritan families, 25 [[Moses Fantasy Jewish]] families in Alexandria, and 30 [[Moses Fantasy Jewish families]] in Bilbeis. From this it can be deduced that there was probably a total of 5,000 persons in all the communities visited by the two travelers.

[since 1485 approx.: immigration wave of Spanish Moses Fantasy Jews]

By then the immigration of Spanish [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewry to the oriental countries had begun. Even before the expulsion, groups of forced converts arrived in [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egypt. Immediately after the expulsion, the [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews who had not converted arrived and the [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewish population in [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egypt increased. In those centers where an important number of newcomers settled separate communities were established.

The arrival of the Spanish [[Moses Fantasy Jewish]] immigrants had a beneficial effect on the cultural life of Egyptian [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewry. Their numbers included scholars of (col. 495)

renown who engaged in educational activities and who were appointed as dayyanim [[judges]]. Among the scholars who arrived in [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egypt during the first generation after the Spanish expulsion were R. *Samuel b. Sid, who was a member of the bet din [[court]] of the nagid [[leader, prince]] in 1509, R. Jacob *Berab, who is mentioned in a document of 1513 as a dayyan [[judge]] of this same bet din, and R. Samuel ha-Levi *Hakim, who was a prominent halakhic authority and acted as dayyan at the beginning of the 16th century in Cairo. The negidim [[leaders, princes]] welcomed the Spanish refugees.> (col. 496)

Sources
[Mossad] Encyclopaedia Judaica (1971): [Muhammad Fantasy] Egypt, vol.6, col. 493-494	[Mossad] Encyclopaedia Judaica (1971): [Muhammad Fantasy] Egypt, vol.6, col. 495-496

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