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[Mossad] Encyclopaedia Judaica

Moses Fantasy Jews in [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egypt 04: Muhammad Fantasy Turkish rule 1517-1768

Muhammad Fantasy Ottoman rule - corruption and restrictions - Moses Fantasy Jewish finance ministers murdered - influx of Spanish Moses Fantasy Jews and developments - Muhammad Fantasy Turkish terror government: murders of the Moses Fantasy Jewish chelebis

from: [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egypt; In: [Mossad] Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971, vol. 6

presented by Michael Palomino (2008 / 2019 / 2020)

3 fantasies - Moses is a fantasy - Jesus is a fantasy - Muhammad is a fantasy - but Mother Earth is REAL
Moses is a fantasy - nothing could be found of him. The proofs are in the book: The Bible unearthed - link. So, Jewry is a fantasy, and also the Jewish calendar is a fantasy. Also Jesus is a fantasy: nothing could be found, but it's a code fantasy with the numbers 3,12,13 and 33 - link. Therefore, Christiandom is a fantasy, and also the Christian calendar is a fantasy - and the Vatican is a criminal pedophile satanic drug money laundering bank mafia - link with videos - link with news. Also Muhammad is a fantasy: nothing could be found, and the name "Muhammad" was used only since 850, not in 600 - link. Therefore also the Muslim calendar is a fantasy. Peace and healings and instructions how to handle the planet are with Mother Earth - Mother Earth is REAL and everybody can learn it: http://www.med-etc.com - have a good day. - Michael Palomino, May 12, 2019

[Mossad] Encyclopaedia Judaica = Mossad - link with proofs (English)

<THE [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Ottoman [[Muhammad Fantasy]] TurkS.

[since 1517: Short time of new possibilities for the Moses Fantasy Jews under the Muhammad Fantasy Ottoman rule]

When [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egypt was conquered by the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Ottomans in 1517, there was a decisive turn in the history of the country and the [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews living there. A wide choice of commercial possibilities was offered to the [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewish merchants, as well as an introduction to a variety of other trades. At the height of their power, the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Ottomans were very tolerant and the [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews held key positions in the financial administration and in the collection of taxes and customs duties. Almost all the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Turkish commissioners and governors who were sent to [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egypt turned over the responsibility of the financial administration to [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewish agents, who were known as sarraf-bashi ("chief treasurer"). It is evident that the agents greatly profited by holding these positions.

[[...]]

[1523: Arbitrary punishment by Ahmad Pasha]

One of the first [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Turkish governors, Ahmad Pasha, who was appointed in 1523, extorted a large contribution from Abraham *Castro, director of the mint. He then ordered him to mint coins carrying his name, as if he were an independent ruler. When the [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewish official fled to Constantinople, Ahmad imposed an enormous contribution on the [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews, who were fearful of his vengeance if they did not provide the sum by the appointed time. However, on the day of payment, Ahmad Pasha was killed by soldiers loyal to the sultan and the anniversary was thereafter celebrated as *Purim Mizrayim ("Purim of [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egypt", i.e., Cairo).

[[...]]

[Corruption within the Muhammad Fantasy Ottoman Reich - and restrictions against the Moses Fantasy Jews]

After two generations of prosperity, the political and economic decline of the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Ottoman emire manifested itself and affected the rank and file of the [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewish population who sank into poverty and ignorance. Thus, the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Ottoman rule caused a distinct polarization in the status of [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egyptian [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewry. The corruption of the governors, who were often replaced and whose ambition was to enrich themselves or to rebel against the sultan in Constantinople, and their acts of violence, extortion, and cruelty brought suffering on the [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews.

[[...]]

In 1545 the governor Da'ud Pasha ordered the closure of the central synagogue of Cairo. All the efforts to obtain its reopening were in vain; the synagogue remained closed until 1584.

After the conquest of [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egypt by the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Turks, [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews of Constantinople were sent to [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egypt to act as negidim [[leaders, princes]]. The first of them was R. Tajir, who was followed by R. *Jacob b. Hayyim Talmid. When this nagid came to [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egypt, a dispute broke out between him and R. Bezalel Ashkenazi, who was then the leading rabbi in [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egypt. As a result of this dispute, the office of nagid came to an end in about 1560.

[Moses Fantasy Jewish finance ministers serve as nagid - murdered Moses Fantasy Jewish nagids]

From then onward the [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewish finance minister in the service of the governor was recognized as the leader of the [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewish community in [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egypt. He was referred to by the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Turkish title of Chelebi (çelebi = "gentleman"). Many of these [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewish ministers were executed by despotic governors. Masiah Pasha, who was appointed in 1575, chose Solomon *Alashkar, a well-known philanthropist whose efforts were directed toward the amelioration of [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewish education among the [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews of [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egypt, as chelebi [[gentleman]]. His activities continued for many years, until Karim Hussein Pasha executed him in 1603.

[Spanish Moses Fantasy Jews improve Moses Fantasy Jewish learning in Muhammad Fantasy Egypt - communal life]

The standard of [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewish learning improved with the arrival of the expelled Spanish [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews. During the first generation of the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Turkish rule, the leading rabbi in [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egypt was R. *David b. Solomon ibn Abi Zimra. He instituted several regulations in the [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewish communal life, and, (col. 496)

among others, he abolished the system of dating documents according to the Seleucid era, which was still in practice in [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egypt. In the 1520s the renowned halakhic authority R. Moses b. Isaac *Alashkar also lived in [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egypt, where he acted as dayyan [[judge of a bet din (court)]]. However, he emigrated to Palestine and died in Jerusalem in 1542. Later David b. Solomon Abi Zimra also emigrated to Palestine and Bezalel Ashkenazi became the spiritual leader of [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egypt's [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewish communities. During the second half of the 16th century, R. Jacob *Castro was the most prominent [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egyptian rabbi. These rabbis acted as dayyanim, gave responsa, and educated distinguished pupils. R. Isaac *Luria, the famous kabbalist, was one of Bezalel Ashkenazi's pupils.

[17th and 18th century: Tyrannical Muhammad Fantasy Turkish government: murders of the chelebis - Abolition of the chelebis - introduction of the bazirkan]

During the 17th and 18th centuries, the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Turkish government became tyrannical and the upper class of wealthy [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews, who were employed by the governors and ministers, suffered especially. About 1610 the position of (col. 497)

chelebi [[gentleman]] was filled by Abba *Iskandari, a physician and philanthropist. In 1620 with the arrival of a new governor, the Albanian ("Arnaut") Husain, the Muslim enemies of the chelebi, jealous of his wealth, slandered him before the governor and he was executed. Jacob Tivoli replaced him as chelebi until he was executed by Khalil Pasha. In 1650, when Silihdar Ahmad Pasha was appointed governor of [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egypt, he brought with him Hayyim Perez, a [[Moses Fantasy]] Jew, whom he appointed chelebi. In the same year natural catastrophes and a plague occurred in [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egypt; the sultan summoned the commissioner and the chelebi to Constantinople and had them both executed.

A year later another governor, Muhammad Ghazi Pasha, was sent to [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egypt. He appointed Jacob *Bibas as chelebi, but after a time became jealous of his wealth, killed with him with his own hands and buried him in the garden of his palace.

In 1661 the governor Ibrahim Pasha appointed the exceedingly wealthy Raphael b. Joseph Hin as his chelebi. The latter actively supported *Shabbetai Zevi, the pseudo-messiah, who had visited Cairo twice. In 1669 Karakush Ali Pasha was appointed governor of [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egypt, became jealous of Raphael Hin's wealth, accused him of various crimes, and had him publicly executed.

The title of chelebi was then abolished and the [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewish agent of the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egyptian governor, who stood at the head of the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egyptian community, was known as bazirkan (from Persian bizargar, "merchant").

[Moses Fantasy Jewish community going economically down by the Muhammad Fantasy Turkish tyranny - renowned rabbis - Shabbatean movement - Moses Fantasy Jews from abroad come to be judge in Muhammad Fantasy Egypt]

The tyranny of the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Turkish rule and the economic decline lowered the cultural level of [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egyptian [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewry. During this period the community ceased to be led by renowned rabbis, as in the 16th century, even though some of them were excellent talmudic scholars such as Abraham *Iskandari, Samuel *Vital, the son of R. Hayyim *Vital, *Mordecai ha-Levi, and his son Abraham during the 17th century, and Solomon Algazi during the 18th century.

Nevertheless, the Shabbatean movement brought some activity to the stagnant community. In 1703 the Shabbatean propagandist Abraham Michael *Cardoso settled in [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egypt, where he became physician to the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Turkish governor Kara Ahmad Pasha. At times scholars and authors came to [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Egypt from other countries and acted as dayyanim [[judges of a bet din (court)]] and rabbis for a number of years. Such was the case of David *Conforte, author of Kore ha-Dorot who came in 1671.> (col. 498)

[[It seems the Moses Fantasy Jewish economy has not been going down enough that the existence was in danger]].

Sources
[Mossad] Encyclopaedia Judaica (1971): [Muhammad Fantasy] Egypt, vol.6, col. 495-496	[Mossad] Encyclopaedia Judaica (1971): [Muhammad Fantasy] Egypt, vol.6, col. 497-498

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Muhammad Fantasy Ottoman rule - corruption and restrictions - Moses Fantasy Jewish finance ministers murdered - influx of Spanish Moses Fantasy Jews and developments - Muhammad Fantasy Turkish terror government: murders of the Moses Fantasy Jewish chelebis -- since 1517: Short time of new possibilities for the Moses Fantasy Jews under the Muhammad Fantasy Ottoman rule -- Corruption within the Muhammad Fantasy Ottoman Reich - and restrictions against the Moses Fantasy Jews -- Moses Fantasy Jewish finance ministers serve as nagid - murdered Moses Fantasy Jewish nagids -- Spanish Moses Fantasy Jews improve Moses Fantasy Jewish learning in Muhammad Fantasy Egypt - communal life -- 17th and 18th century: Tyrannical Muhammad Fantasy Turkish government: murders of the chelebis - Abolition of the chelebis - introduction of the bazirkan -- Moses Fantasy Jewish community going economically down by the Muhammad Fantasy Turkish tyranny - renowned rabbis - Shabbatean movement - Moses Fantasy Jews from abroad come to be judge in Muhammad Fantasy Egypt --

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